The Mediation Effect of Community Empowerment and Good Governance on Forest Productivity: A GSCA Approach

Bambang Hendroyono

doi:10.30829/zero.v10i1.28957

The Mediation Effect of Community Empowerment and Good Governance on Forest Productivity: A GSCA Approach

Bambang Hendroyono

Abstract

This study examined how transglobal leadership influenced forest productivity in Indonesia’s community plantation forest program, focusing on the mediating roles of community empowerment and governance. Secondary data from 50 regencies, selected from a population of 127, were analyzed using a Generalized Structural Component Analysis (GSCA) with the mediation testing. The results showed that leadership significantly affected community empowerment and governance, but did not directly influence forest productivity, while both mediating variables had significant positive effects on productivity. The indirect effects accounted for 77.8% of the total effect, indicating that leadership operated primarily through intermediary mechanisms. The model demonstrated satisfactory fit, with FIT = 0.612, AFIT = 0.587, and GFI = 0.93, suggesting adequate explanatory power despite the relatively small sample size. These findings indicated that improvements in forest productivity were achieved through strengthened governance systems and enhanced community capacity, highlighting the importance of integrated institutional and participatory policy interventions.

Keywords

Community Empowerment; Forest Productivity; Good Governance; GSCA; Transglobal Leadership

Full Text:

PDF

References

H. Hwang, M. Sarstedt, J. H. Cheah, and C. M. Ringle, “A concept analysis of methodological research on composite-based structural equation modeling: Bridging PLSPM and GSCA,” Behaviormetrika, vol. 47, pp. 219–241, 2020, doi: 10.1007/s41237-019-00085-5.

C. M. Ringle, “PLS-SEM methodological updates,” J. Bus. Res., 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.113456.

J. F. Hair, G. T. M. Hult, C. M. Ringle, M. Sarstedt, N. P. Danks, and S. Ray, Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) using R. Springer, 2021.

F. and A. O. (FAO), Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020: Main Report. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization, 2020.

H. Y. S. H. Nugroho et al., “A Chronicle of Indonesia’s Forest Management: A Long Step towards Environmental Sustainability and Community Welfare,” Land, vol. 12, no. 6, p. 1238, 2023, doi: 10.3390/land12061238.

H. W. Fischer, A. Chhatre, A. Duddu, N. Pradhan, and A. Agrawal, “Community forest governance and synergies among carbon, biodiversity and livelihoods,” Nat. Clim. Chang., vol. 13, pp. 1124–1130, 2023, doi: 10.1038/s41558-023-01863-6.

C. Huang, W. Liu, W. Iqbal, and S. A. R. Shah, “Does Digital Governance Matter for Environmental Sustainability? The Key Challenges and Opportunities Under the Prism of Natural Resource Management,” Resour. Policy, vol. 91, p. 104812, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.104812.

L. F. Henriksen, K. Kamnde, P. Silvano, M. F. Olwig, A. Mwamfupe, and C. Gallemore, “Strong Collaborative Governance Networks Support Effective Forest Stewardship Council-Certified Community-Based Forest Management: Evidence from Southeast Tanzania,” Glob. Environ. Chang., vol. 82, p. 102734, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2023.102734.

R. O. Situmorang, Sanudin, A. Widiyanto, and E. Fauziyah, “Community sustainability in Indonesia’s social forestry programs,” Trees, For. People, vol. 23, p. 101124, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.tfp.2025.101124.

P. Bhusal, R. Parajuli, and E. O. Sills, “What drives participation in community-based forest management? A global review,” Ambio, 2025, doi: 10.1007/s13280-025-02278-7.

Q. Iqbal, N. H. Ahmad, and Y. Li, “Sustainable Leadership in Frontier Asia Region: Managerial Discretion and Environmental Innovation,” Sustainability, vol. 13, p. 5002, 2021, doi: 10.3390/su13095002.

K. Piwowar-Sulej and Q. Iqbal, “Leadership Styles and Sustainable Performance: A Systematic Literature Review,” J. Clean. Prod., vol. 382, p. 134600, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134600.

C. for I. F. R. (CIFOR), “Social Forestry and Community Empowerment in Indonesia: Recent Developments,” CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia, 2022.

I. F. Suhriani and Abdurakhman, “Pendekatan SEM Berbasis Komponen Menggunakan Generalized Structured Component Analysis (GSCA),” J. Sains Mat. dan Stat., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 1–8, 2019, doi: 10.24014/jsms.v5i2.7629.

Solimun, General Structural Component Analysis. Malang, Indonesia: Universitas Brawijaya, 2010.

A. Julizar, W. H. Nugroho, and Solimun, “Effect of Sample Size on Normality and Power of Test of Generalized Structured Component Analysis (GSCA) on Likert Scale Data,” Int. J. Math. Stat. Invent., vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 14–21, 2014, [Online]. Available: https://www.ijmsi.org/Papers/Volume.2.Issue.5/Version-2/C0252014021.pdf

H. W. Suk and H. Hwang, “Functional Generalized Structured Component Analysis,” Psychometrika, vol. 81, no. 4, pp. 940–968, 2016, doi: 10.1007/s11336-016-9521-1.

C. M. Ringle, M. Sarstedt, N. Sinkovics, and R. R. Sinkovics, “A Perspective on Using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling In Data Articles,” Data Br., vol. 48, p. 109074, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.dib.2023.109074.

J. Antonakis and D. V Day, The Nature of Leadership, 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2018.

D. J. Teece, “Dynamic Capabilities and (Digital) Platform Lifecycles,” Entrep. Innov. Platforms, vol. 37, pp. 211–225, 2017, doi: 10.1108/s0742-332220170000037008.

S. K. Kline, Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling, 4th ed. New York, NY, USA: Guilford Press, 2023.

K. J. Preacher and A. F. Hayes, “Asymptotic and Resampling Strategies for Assessing and Comparing Indirect Effects in Multiple Mediator Models,” Behav. Res. Methods, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 879–891, doi: 10.3758/BRM.40.3.879.

D. P. MacKinnon, Introduction to Statistical Mediation Analysis. New York, NY, USA: Routledge, 2008.

A. F. Hayes, Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach, 3rd ed. New York, NY, USA: Guilford Press, 2022.

M. A. Sabol, B. G. Winton, and A. E. Legate, “Criteria for Selecting and Reporting Mediation Effect Sizes,” Organ. Manag. J., 2025, doi: 10.1108/OMJ-08-2024-2291.

E. Suaib, K. Jusoff, M. Z. Abdullah, L. H. Zuada, and I. W. G. Suacana, “The Effect of the Party’s Image Relationship to Voters’ Satisfaction and Voters’ Loyalty,” Int. J. Law Manag., vol. 59, no. 6, pp. 1013–1028, 2017, doi: 10.1108/IJLMA-09-2016-0078.

L. F. Henriksen, K. Kamnde, P. Silvano, M. F. Olwig, A. Mwamfupe, and C. Gallemore, “Collaborative governance in community forest management,” Glob. Environ. Chang., vol. 82, p. 102734, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2023.102734.

G. De la Mora-De la Mora, L. Galicia, L. O. Sánchez-Nupan, and B. Castro-Torres, “Conditions for Multilevel Governance, Co-Management and Sustainability in Two Forest Communities in Central Mexico,” Sustainability, vol. 15, no. 14, p. 11348, 2023, doi: 10.3390/su151411348.

M. Yami and W. Mekuria, “Challenges in the Governance of Community-managed Forests in Ethiopia: Review,” Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 3, p. 1478, 2022, doi: 10.3390/su14031478.

H. Tutar, M. Şahin, and T. Sarkhanov, “Problem Areas of Determining the Sample Size in Qualitative Research: A Model Proposal,” Qual. Res. J., vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 315–336, 2023, doi: 10.1108/QRJ-06-2023-0099.

J. Wooldridge, Introductory Econometrics. South-Western: Cengage Learning, 2020.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.30829/zero.v10i1.28957