Safeguarding Pilgrims from Fraud and Organizer Failures: An Islamic Law Analysis of Consumer Protection in Indonesia’s Hajj and Umrah Industry
Abstract
Fraud and organizational failures in Indonesia’s Hajj and Umrah industry have surged alongside rapid sectoral growth, inflicting significant financial, emotional, and spiritual losses on pilgrims. These malpractices consistently violate core principles of fiqh muamalah, particularly the wakalah (agency) contract and amanah (trustworthiness), while incorporating prohibited elements of gharar (excessive uncertainty) and ghishsh (deceit). Employing a normative juridical approach, this study utilizes library-based data collection from primary sources (Al-Qur’an, authentic Hadith collections, classical fiqh texts across the four madhhabs, contemporary fatwas from MUI and DSN-MUI, and key legislation including Law No. 14 of 2025 and Law No. 8 of 1999) and secondary sources (scholarly works and reports published 2021-2026). Data were analyzed through deductive qualitative content analysis comparing Islamic transactional principles with Indonesian positive law provisions. Findings reveal persistent ethical breaches in recent 2025–2026 cases such as PT NMA’s failure to depart over 1,000 Haji Furoda pilgrims, embezzlement exceeding Rp 1 billion in Ternate, and fraudulent Umrah packages by operators in Lampung Utara and Samarinda demonstrating patterns of fund misappropriation, counterfeit visas, and unilateral cancellations. While legal safeguards under Law No. 14 of 2025 and Law No. 8 of 1999 are robust (including mandatory licensing, escrow accounts, and digital monitoring), implementation challenges persist, notably in proactive enforcement and cross-jurisdictional coordination. This study pioneeringly offers the first comprehensive post-2025 regulatory analysis integrating maqasid al-syariahh particularly Hifzu al-Mal into national frameworks, proposing a novel set of actionable strategies (maqasid-based licensing assessments, institutional synergy with DSN-MUI, blockchain-enhanced transparency, and fiqh-integrated arbitration) to shift enforcement toward preventive, transparent, and restorative justice models. These contributions bridge fiqh muamalah with contemporary Indonesian law, providing policymakers with practical tools to enhance accountability and align pilgrimage services with religious and public welfare goals.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Achebe, V. C., Ilori, O., & Isibor, N. J. (2024). "Enhancing Data Integrity and Legal Accountability: A Blockchain-Driven Approach To Corporate Fraud Risk Management". International Journal of Advanced Multidisplinary Reseach and Studies, Vol. 4. No. 6.
Ahmed, S. N., & Aliwi, D. R. Z. K. (2025). "The Standard Of Unusual Damage In Compensation For Neighborhood Nuisances: A Comparative Study". TPM–Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology, Vol. 32. No. 4.
Al-Daghistani, S. (Ed.). (2024). "Recovering Environmental and Economic Traditions In The Islamic World". Vol. 9. Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004681033.
AL-Enizi, Z., & Ghandour, A. (2025). ”Legal Aspects Of Responsibility For Publishing Or Re-publishing Incorrect Information On Social Media (A Study In UAE Law)". Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, Vol. 12. No. 1.
Al Jahdali, K. D. (2021). Towards an Intelligent Holy City: Assessing The Current Training Needs For The Ministry Of Hajj and Umrah. Nottingham Trent University (United Kingdom).
Alfarisi, M. A., Suhedi, S., Ezzerouali, S. A., & Andrianti, D. (2025). "Rethinking Legal Validity and Contractual Structures Of Syariah-Compliant Credit Cards". Borneo: Journal of Islamic Studies, Vol. 6. No. 1.
Alzeer, A. H., & Abuzinadah, J. (2024). "Beyond Borders: Exploring The Mental, Emotional, and Spiritual Significance of Hajj". Annals of Thoracic Medicine, Vol. 19. No. 3.
Antara. (2024). Indonesia’s Hajj and Umrah Economy Projected to Soar to Rp 194 Trillion by 2030. https://investor.id
Ardani, M., Setiawan, D., Munir, M. M., & Fitria, S. (2022). "A Tale Of Umrah Pilgrims Fraud In Indonesia: A Narrative Review Indicating and Anticipating “Fake Bureau”. Indonesian Interdisciplinary Journal of Sharia Economics (IIJSE), Vol. 5. No. 1.
Demisie, B. (2024). Pledge of Intellectual for Bank Loan In Ethiopia: A Critical Analysis of Legal Framework and Practical Problems. Available at SSRN 4981300.
Dudás, A., Hulmák, M., Zimnioková, M., Menyhárd, A., Stec, P., Veress, E., & Hlušák, M. (2022). Illegal and Immoral Contracts. Usury. Good Faith in Contract Law.
Elias, A. A. (2023). Hadith on Nifaq: Dishonesty and Treachery Among Hypocrites. Daily Hadith Online. https://www.abuaminaelias.com/dailyhadithonline/2023/07/07/dishonesty-munafiqun/
Fairuz, A. (2024). "Environmental Sustainability In The Hajj Pilgrimage". Int. J. Acad. Res. Bus. Soc. Sci, Vol. 14.
Fallah, A. A. (2024). "Muthawif Concessions In Umrah Travel Bureau Management". Journal of Islamic Economics Lariba, Vol. 10. No. 2.
Farikhin, A., & Mulyasari, H. (2022). "Gharar, Fraud and Dispute In Islamic Business Transaction An Islamic Law Perspectives". International Economic and Finance Review, Vol. 1. No. 2.
Finance, B. (2020). Basic Rules for Wakalah (Agency) Contracts. In Blossom Finance Blog & Articles. Blossom Labs, Inc. https://www.blossomfinance.com/posts/basic-rules-for-wakalah-agency-contracts
Gaudin, G., & Weber, F. (2021). "Antitrust Damages, Consumer Harm, and Consumer Collective Redress". Journal of European Competition Law & Practice, Vol. 12. No. 5.
Gitiyarko, V. (2025). Indonesia’s Challenges Behind the World’s Highest Hajj Quota. https://www.kompas.id
Gul, S., Ahmad, R., & Khan, F. S. (2025). "Beyond Force Majeure: Rethinking Contractual Risk through the Lens of Syariah and Common Law Doctrines". Research Journal of Psychology, Vol. 3. No. 2.
Hamzah, A., Muhammad, J., Tanjung, I., Rahman, M., Satispi, E., & Sarmadi, A. (2025). The Effectiveness Of The Use Of The Integrated Hajj Computerized System (SISKOHAT) in Regular Hajj Registration Services.
Haramainku, T. R. (2025). Polemik Perbedaan Pendapat Seputar Hukum Haji Furoda/Mujamalah dan Persepsi Tentang Gharar Dalam Akad. Haramainku. https://haramainku.com/polemik-perbedaan-pendapat-seputar-hukum-haji-furoda-mujamalah
Herijanto, H. (2022). "Al Amanah In Al Qur’an vs Trust: A Comparative Study". International Journal of Ethics and Systems, Vol. 38. No. 4.
Hukmana, S. Y. (2026). Ditjen PHU Usut Aduan soal Penggelapan Dana Haji Furoda 2025. MetroTVNews. https://www.metrotvnews.com/read/bzGCeJv1-ditjen-phu-usut-aduan-soal-penggelapan-dana-haji-furoda-2025
Hussain, S., & Ahmed, A. (2025). "Maqasid al-Syariah and Its Influence On Islamic Governance and Policy: A Framework For Contemporary Reform. Journal of Religion and Society, Vol. 4. No. 02. https://islamicreligious.com/index.php/Journal/article/view/310
Indonesia, D. S. N. M. U. (2025). Pedoman Penyelenggaraan Program Restrukturisasi Perbankan (PRP) Syariah untuk Lembaga Penjamin Simpanan. In Fatwa DSN-MUI. Dewan Syariah Nasional-Majelis Ulama Indonesia. https://dsnmui.or.id
IslamWeb. (2017). Hajj Organizer Using Hajj Funds For His Own Benefit. In Islam Web Fatwa Center. Islam Web. https://www.islamweb.net/en/fatwa/357838/hajj-organizer-using-hajj-funds-for-his-own-benefit
Janahi, K. A. (2025). "Legal Code for Contemporary Islamic Commercial Transactions Practiced in the Global Market: Proposed Legal Framework For The International Islamic Finance Market". Universidad de Granada.
Januratmo, S., & Vic, B. J. (2025). "Modern Governance Of Hajj and Umrah: Digital Innovation and Legal Protection For Pilgrims". Greenation International Journal of Law and Social Sciences, Vol. 3. No. 3. https://doi.org/10.38035/gijlss.v3i3.583.
Kamali, M. H. (2017). "The Shari’ah Purpose Of Wealth Preservation In Contracts and Transactions". Islam and Civilisational Renewal.
Khan, A. (2025). "Comparative Analysis of Islamic Commercial Laws and Modern Banking Law Trends". UCLA Journal of Islamic and Near Eastern Law, Vol. 22. No. 1l.
Korbatieh, S. (2019). The Law Of Evidence In The Islamic Criminal Justice System: A Critical Appraisal In The Light Of Modern Technology. Macquarie University.
Kriswandaru, A. S., Fachuda, F. A., & Risma, S. S. A. (2025). "The Effectiveness Of Digital Consumer Protection Law In Promoting Trust and The Growth of Online Economic Transactions". Perkara: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Dan Politik, Vol. 3. No. 2.
Laksana, A. W., Lubis, M. R., Suwondo, D., Ngazis, M., & Sari, R. M. P. (2025). "Integrating Maqasid al-Shari’ah In Contemporary Islamic Legal Reform On Drug Policy". MILRev: Metro Islamic Law Review, Vol. 4. No. 1.
Mahfudz, A. A., Dena, P. S., & Ahmad, R. A. (2023). "Optimizing Hajj Finance In Indonesia: The Role of Wakalah Contract". Share: Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Keuangan Islam, Vol. 12. No. 2.
Mosier, W., Elhadary, T., Elhaty, I. A., & Safaei, M. (2020). "Crisis Management and The Impact Of Pandemics On Religious Tourism". International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage, Vol. 8. No. 7.
Muhaimin, Subhan, M., Anshary, A. H., Azhari, F., & Haisy, N. (2023). "Use Of Hajj Funds For Infrastructure Development: A Review Of Deposit Contract and Use of Hajj Funds". Journal of Law and Sustainable Development, Vol. 11. No. 10. https://doi.org/10.55908/sdgs.v11i10.852
Mustika, P. P. (2025). Special Hajj Quota Proposed To Be Changed To A Minimum Of 8 Percent. Kompas, 16:58 WIB. https://www.kompas.id/artikel/en-kuota-haji-khusus-diusulkan-diubah-menjadi-minimal-8-persen
Nasrullah, M. (2024). Implementation of Fiqh Rules in Economic Transactions in Islamic Financial Institutions: A Literature Review Study. Demak Univers. J. Islam Sharia, Vol. 2. No. 3.
News, A. (2025). Indonesia To Establish Hajj and Umrah Ministry Under New Law. https://www.antaranews.com/
Nur Ayunda, K., Isman, Hakim, L., & Budiman, M. (2025). "Formalization Of DSN-MUI Fatwa No. 28/DSN-MUI/III/2002 In Electronic Money Transactions". AL-FALAH : Journal of Islamic Economics, Vol. 2. No. 10. https://doi.org/10.29240/alfalah.v2i10.14703
Padet, I. W., & Krishna, I. B. W. (2020). "Falsafah Hidup Dalam Konsep Kosmologi Tri Hita Karana". Genta Hredaya: Media Informasi Ilmiah Jurusan Brahma Widya STAHN Mpu Kuturan Singaraja, Vol. 2. No. 2.
Pavlidis, G. (2021). "A Case Of Insufficient Safeguards Or State-Enabled money laundering?‘Golden Passport’and Golden Visa Investment Schemes In Europe". Journal Of Investment Compliance, Vol. 22. No. 2.
Putri, D. A. (2022). "Legal Policy Of Implementation Of Organizing Umrah Worship In Indonesia". Global Legal Review, Vol. 2. No. 1. https://doi.org/10.19166/glr.v2i1.4072
Qonitat, M. (2024). "The Principle Of Believers’ Character In Upholding Truth In Accordance With Surah Al-Anfal". Darul Hikmah: Jurnal Penelitian Tafsir Dan Hadits, Vol. 10. No. 2.
Rahman, M. M. (2025). Blockchain for Halal Integrity in Health Care: Enhancing Compliance, Ensuring Benefits. In Using Blockchain Technology in Healthcare Settings. CRC Press.
Redaksi. (2021). Tafsir Surah Al-Anfal Ayat 27. Tafsir Al Quran Referensi Tafsir di Indonesia. http://tafsiralquran.id/tafsir-surah-al-anfal-ayat-27/
Redaksi. (2025a). 11 Daftar Travel Umroh Penipu Viral di Indonesia, Modus, Kerugian, dan Cara Mengatasinya. Lima Pilar Land Arrangement Umroh & LA Haji di Indonesia. https://lapilar.com/11-daftar-travel-umroh-penipu/
Redaksi. (2025b). Skandal Haji Furoda 2025: Visa Gagal Terbit, Siapa yang Bertanggung Jawab? Tugumalang.Id, 1. https://tugumalang.id/skandal-haji-furoda-2025-visa-gagal-terbit/
Samuels, B., McKeel, L., & Hudson, K. (2017). B-2 Visitor Visa Fraud: The Investigation and Prosecution Of An International Business Scheme. US Att’ys Bull.
Setiawan, N. (2025). "Ponzi Schemes In The Hajj and Umrah Business: Causes, Methods, Consequences and Prevention". Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance.
Setiawan, N., & Soewarno, N. (2024). "Protection Of Hajj and Umrah Pilgrims From Fraud: Evidence from Indonesia". Share: Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Keuangan Islam, Vol. 13. No 1.
Setya, D. (2026). "Ada Aduan Penggelapan Dana Haji Furoda 2025, Kemenhaj Panggil Pihak Travel". DetikHikmah. https://www.detik.com/
Trikarinaputri, E. (2025). "Indonesia Legalizes Independent Umrah: Here Are The Requirements". https://en.tempo.co/read/1890xxx/indonesia-legalizes-independent-umrah-here-are-the-requirements
Widodo, W., Maryono, M., & Hansanontha, P. (2024). "Criminal Responsibility For Embezzlement Of Hajj and Umrah Pilgrimage Funds". Journal Evidence Of Law, Vol. 3. No. 3.
Yunus, A. M. (2024). "The Relevance Of Maqasid al-Syariah In Addressing Humanitarian Crises: Insights from Surah Al-Fil". International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, Vol. 14. No. 12.
Zailani, M. N., Mohd Satar, N., & Zakaria, R. H. (2022). "A Review Of Indicators For The Preservation Of Wealth (Hifz al-Mal) Based On Maqasid al-Syariah". Journal of Islamic Philanthropy & Social Finance (JIPSF), Vol. 4. No.1.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.58836/al-qanun.v7i1.28253
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdillah Abdillah
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Al-Qanun: Jurnal Kajian Sosial dan Hukum Islam is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.