Unilateral Modification of Terms and Conditions in Electronic Agreements on Digital Platforms: An Analysis of the Principle of Consensualism and Legal Protection for Users

Indri Meiliawati; Sri Windani; Zulfikar Zulfikar

doi:10.58836/jpma.v17i2.31979

Unilateral Modification of Terms and Conditions in Electronic Agreements on Digital Platforms: An Analysis of the Principle of Consensualism and Legal Protection for Users

Indri Meiliawati, Sri Windani, Zulfikar Zulfikar

Abstract

The use of electronic agreements on digital platforms in Indonesia raises legal concerns when providers unilaterally modify terms and conditions without obtaining renewed user consent. This study analyzes the validity of such modifications under the principle of consensualism and the legal protection afforded to users. Employing normative legal research with statutory and conceptual approaches, the study examines the Indonesian Civil Code, the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, the Consumer Protection Law, and relevant platform terms. The findings distinguish the validity of an initial agreement under Article 1320 of the Civil Code from the enforceability of subsequent modifications. Material changes affecting contractual rights and obligations cannot be justified solely by initial consent, notification, or continued service use. Article 18(1)(g) of Law Number 8 of 1999 prohibits standard clauses binding consumers to subsequent unilateral changes, while Article 18(3) renders prohibited clauses null and void. Accordingly, material modifications require renewed consent and compliance with good faith and consumer protection principles to ensure legal certainty and contractual fairness.

Keywords

Electronic Agreements; Unilateral Amendments; Principle of Consensualism; Standard Clauses; Consumer Protection; Digital Platforms

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.58836/jpma.v17i2.31979