Effectiveness of Social Media Message Framing on Caries Risk Perception among Health Science Students: A Quasi-Experimental Study Based on the Health Belief Model
Abstract
Despite increasing access to oral health education, the prevalence of dental caries remains high among health science students, indicating a gap between theoretical knowledge and individual risk perception. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of message framing strategies delivered via social media in enhancing caries risk perception, based on the Health Belief Model (HBM). This study employed a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design with a control group. A total of 130 students from the Faculty of Dentistry at Prima Indonesia University were selected using purposive sampling and divided into an intervention group (n = 65) and a control group (n = 65). The intervention group was exposed to gain-framed and loss-framed health messages through social media over one month, while the control group received no intervention. Risk perception was measured using six core HBM constructs and analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test and Mann–Whitney U Test. The results showed statistically significant improvements (p< 0.001) in perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, cues to action, and self- efficacy in the intervention group, while perceived barriers showed no significant change. These findings suggest that social media–based message framing is effective in improving caries risk perception and may help bridge the gap between knowledge and behavior among the productive-age population
Keywords: Dental Caries, Digital Health Promotion, Health Belief Model, Message Framing, Risk Perception, Social Media Intervention
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abdul-Jabbar, M., Mohammad, B., & Mohammad, M. (2021). Prevalence of dental caries among different stage students in College of Dentistry, Hawler Medical University. Erbil Dental Journal, 4(2), 153–158. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15218/edj.2021.20
Aida, W. N., Liasari, I., Hamid, E. M., & K, E. P. K. (2024). Media Kesehatan Gigi: Efektivitas booklet, flipchart, dan video animasi dalam meningkatkan pengetahuan (detail venue tidak jelas).
Alsisi, E. A., Al-Ashaab, A., & Abualfaraa, W. A. (2020). The development of a smart health awareness message framework based on the use of social media: Quantitative study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(7). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2196/16212
Amelia, S., Praharani, D., & Setyorini, D. (2021). Perbedaan kebersihan rongga mulut dan kesehatan periodontal antara mahasiswa kedokteran gigi dengan mahasiswa kesehatan non-kedokteran gigi di Universitas Jember. STOMATOGNATIC - Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi, 18(1), 35. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.19184/stoma.v18i1.27966
Annisak, F., Sakinah Zainuri, H., & Fadilla, S. (2024). Peran uji hipotesis penelitian perbandingan menggunakan statistika non parametrik dalam penelitian. Al Itihadu Jurnal Pendidikan, 3(1), 105–115. https://jurnal.asrypersadaquality.com/index.php/alittihadu
Asri, R. (2024). Implementation of Gestalt Counseling on Self-Disclosure in Group Counseling for Victims of Sexual Harassment.
Berhimpong, M. J. A., Rattu, A. J. M., & Pertiwi, J. M. (2020). Analisis implementasi aktivitas fisik berdasarkan Health Belief Model oleh tenaga kesehatan di puskesmas. Journal of Public Health and Community Medicine, 1(4), 54–62.
Boer, K. M., Pratiwi, M. R., & Muna, N. (2020). Analisis framing pemberitaan generasi milenial dan pemerintah terkait Covid-19 di media online. Communicatus: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 4(1), 85–104. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15575/cjik.v4i1.8277
Diana, Z., Suroso, & Noviekayati, I. (2021). Hubungan antara persepsi risiko COVID-19 dan self-efficacy menghadapi COVID-19 dengan kepatuhan terhadap protokol kesehatan pada masyarakat Surabaya (The Relationship between COVID-19 Risk Perception and Self-Efficacy in Facing COVID-19 with Compliance with Health Protocols in the Surabaya Community). Mind Set Edisi Khusus TIN, 1(1), 105–116. http://journal.univpancasila.ac.id/index.php/mindset/article/download/2601/1475
Divdar, M., Araban, M., Heydarabadi, A. B., Cheraghian, B., & Stein, L. A. R. (2021). Effectiveness of message-framing to improve oral health behaviors and dental plaque among pregnant women. Archives of Public Health, 79. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-021-00640-1
Elina Martínez-Carrillo, B., Rillo, A. G., Castillo-Cardiel, A., García-Arqueta, I., & Palacios-Jaimes, M. L. (2021). Natural and Social History of the Health-Disease Process as an Epistemological Model for Medical Education (Part 2). IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences, 11(1), 56–65. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.9790/7388-1101035665
Finbråten, H. S., Guttersrud, Ø., Nordström, G., Pettersen, K. S., Trollvik, A., & Wilde-Larsson, B. (2020). Explaining variance in health literacy among people with type 2 diabetes: the association between health literacy and health behaviour and empowerment. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 161.
Freire, C., Ferradás, M. del M., Regueiro, B., Rodríguez, S., Valle, A., & Núñez, J. C. (2020). Coping strategies and self-efficacy in university students: A person-centered approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00841
Ghorbani-Dehbalaei, M., Loripoor, M., & Nasirzadeh, M. (2021). The role of health beliefs and health literacy in women’s health promoting behaviours based on the Health Belief Model: A descriptive study. BMC Women’s Health, 21. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-021-01564-2
Green, E. C., Murphy, E. M., & Gryboski, K. (2020). The Wiley Encyclopedia of Health Psychology. Wiley. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119057840
Hameleers, M., & Boukes, M. (2021). The effect of gain-versus-loss framing of economic and health prospects of different COVID-19 interventions: An experiment integrating equivalence and emphasis framing. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 33(4), 927–945. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edab027
Januraga, P. P., Izwardi, D., Crosita, Y., Indrayathi, P. A., Kurniasari, E., Sutrisna, A., & Tumilowicz, A. (2021). Qualitative evaluation of a social media campaign to improve healthy food habits among urban adolescent females in Indonesia. Public Health Nutrition, 24(S1), S98–S107. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980020002992
Juniati, Z. (2022). Implementasi Kebijakan BPJS Kesehatan dalam Meningkatkan Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional di Kabupaten Aceh Timur. Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Policy, 8(2), 79–89. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.52137/apjpp.v8i2.128
Jose, R., Narendran, M., Bindu, A., Beevi, N., & Benny, P. V. (2021). Public perception and preparedness for the pandemic COVID 19: a health belief model approach. Clinical epidemiology and global health, 9, 41-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2020.06.009
KC, D., Smith, J., Currie, K., & Ness, V. (2024). Theoretical models applied to understand infection prevention and control practices of healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review. Journal of Infection Prevention, 26(1), 33–43. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/17571774241251645
Khulwani, Q. W., Nasia, A. A., Nugraheni, A., & Utami, A. (2021). Hubungan pengetahuan, sikap, dan perilaku kesehatan gigi dan mulut terhadap status karies siswa SMP Negeri 1 Selogiri, Wonogiri. E-GiGi, 9(1), 41–44. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.35790/eg.9.1.2021.32570
Koch, N. M., Logor, F. V, & Pangau, R. R. (2024). Deteksi dini karies gigi melalui pelatihan visual pada kader kesehatan Kelurahan Wawali. GEMAKES: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, 4(1), 81–89. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.36082/gemakes.v4i1.1492
Li, F., Larimo, J., & Leonidou, L. C. (2021). Social media marketing strategy: Definition, conceptualization, taxonomy, validation, and future agenda. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 49(1), 51–70. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-020-00733-3
Liasari, I., Priyambodo, R. A., & A, W. N. (2024). Literasi Kesehatan Gigi Ibu dan Status Karies Gigi Anak di Wilayah Kumuh Kota Makassar.
Liu, J., & Niederdeppe, J. (2024). Effects of communicating health disparities using social comparison framing: A comprehensive review. Social Science & Medicine, 348, 116808. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116808
Maramis, J. L., Adam, J. Z., & Koch, N. M. (2023). Edukasi pemeliharaan kesehatan gigi dan mulut serta pengolesan tooth mousse untuk pencegahan karies gigi pada murid SD Inpres Malalayang II Kota Manado. GEMAKES: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, 3(1), 33–40. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.36082/gemakes.v3i1.1068
Marthinu, L. T., & Bidjuni, M. (2020). Penyakit karies gigi pada personil Detasemen Gegana Satuan Brimob Polda Sulawesi Utara tahun 2019. JIGIM (Jurnal Ilmiah Gigi Dan Mulut), 3(2), 58–64. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.47718/jgm.v3i2.1436
Mendelsohn, J. (2024). Framing Social Movements on Social Media: Unpacking Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Motivational Strategies.
Militi, A., Sicari, F., Portelli, M., Merlo, E. M., Terranova, A., Frisone, F., Nucera, R., Alibrandi, A., & Settineri, S. (2021). Psychological and social effects of oral health and dental aesthetic in adolescence and early adulthood: An observational study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(17), 9022. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179022
Normansyah, T. A., Setyorini, D., Budirahardjo, R., Prihatiningrum, B., & Dwiatmoko, S. (2022). Indeks karies dan asupan gizi pada anak stunting. Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Padjadjaran, 34(3), 266–274. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24198/jkg.v34i3.34080
Pratiwi, D., Ariyani, A. P., Sari, A., Wirahadikusumah, A., Nofrizal, R., Tjandrawinata, R., Soulisa, A. G., Wijaya, H., Komariah, K., & Sandra, F. (2020). Penyuluhan peningkatan kesadaran dini dalam menjaga kesehatan gigi dan mulut pada masyarakat Tegal Alur, Jakarta. Jurnal Abdi Masyarakat Indonesia (JAMIN), 2(2), 120–128. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.25105/jamin.v2i2.7179
Pudentiana, R. R. R. E., Purnama, T., Emini, T., Tauchid, S. N., & Prihatiningsih, N. (2021). Knowledge of Oral and Dental Health Impacts the Oral Hygiene Index Simplified (OHI-S) of Primary School Children. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, 15(4), 2179–2183. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.37506/ijfmt.v15i4.17030
Purbasari, C., Khalid, F., Fadla, M., & Nurwati, B. (2023). Pendidikan kesehatan meningkatkan pengetahuan dan sikap pencegahan karies pada anak-anak. EduCurio: Education Curiosity, 1(2), 414–419.
Ritchie, D., Van den Broucke, S., & Van Hal, G. (2021). The Health Belief Model and Theory of Planned Behavior applied to mammography screening: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health Nursing, 38(3), 482–492. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/phn.12842
Sanaeinasab, H., Saffari, M., Taghavi, H., Karimi Zarchi, A., Rahmati, F., Al Zaben, F., & Koenig, H. G. (2022). An educational intervention using the Health Belief Model for improvement of oral health behavior in grade-schoolers: A randomized controlled trial. BMC Oral Health, 22. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-022-02132-2
Schillinger, D., Chittamuru, D., & Ramírez, A. S. (2020). From “infodemics” to health promotion: A novel framework for the role of social media in public health. American Journal of Public Health, 110(9), 1393–1396. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305746
Shankar, C. C., & Prathap, S. K. (2020). Continuance adoption of mobile-based payments in COVID-19 context: An integrated framework of Health Belief Model and Expectation Confirmation Model. International Journal of Pervasive Computing and Communications, 16(4), 351–369. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPCC-06-2020-0069
Shmueli, L. (2021). Predicting intention to receive COVID-19 vaccine among the general population using the Health Belief Model and the Theory of Planned Behavior model. BMC Public Health, 21, 804. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10816-7
Soroya, S. H., Farooq, A., Mahmood, K., Isoaho, J., & Zara, S. E. (2021). From information seeking to information avoidance: Understanding the health information behavior during a global health crisis. Information Processing & Management, 58(2), 102440. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2020.102440
Stibe, A., Krüger, N., & Behne, A. (2022). Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Vol. 13475). In Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Vol. 13475) (pp. 3–14). Springer. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14391-5_1
Tafal, Z. (2021). Public health priority in handling the ongoing pandemic. Kesmas: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional, 16(5), 53–54. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21109/kesmas.v0i0.5236
Walters, R., Leslie, S. J., Polson, R., Cusack, T., & Gorely, T. (2020). Establishing the efficacy of interventions to improve health literacy and health behaviours: A systematic review. BMC Public Health, 20, 1040. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08991-0
Wei, C. T., Lo, K. Y., Lin, Y. C., Hu, C. Y., Chen, F. L., & Huang, H. L. (2021). Effects of health-promoting school strategy on dental plaque control and preventive behaviors in schoolchildren in high-caries, rural areas of Taiwan: A quasi-experimental design. BMC Oral Health, 21, 404. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-021-01927-z
Wicaksono, D. A., Khoman, J. A., & Kumolontang, R. (2023). Gambaran Performed Treatment Index (PTI) pada mahasiswa profesi PSPDG di RSGM Universitas Sam Ratulangi. E-GiGi, 12(2), 175–180. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.35790/eg.v12i2.50989
Wirasuari, I., Ulfah, S., Suryana, E., & Gafar, M. (2024). Implementasi Kartu Jaminan BPJS Kesehatan di Puskesmas Anuntodea Kecamatan Parigi Tengah Kabupaten Parigi Moutong. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.56338/jks.v7i7.5517
Yusdiana, R. T. (2021). Hubungan tingkat pengetahuan dengan status kesehatan gigi pada siswi kelas VIII MTS Muhammadiyah Penyasawan Kampar. J Kesehatan Masyarakat, 9(1), 21-9. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.32832/hearty.v9i1.4570
Younis, N. M., & Naji, A. B. (2021). Assessing the effect of an educational intervention based on Health Belief Model on preventive behaviors of addiction. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, 15(3), 813–817. https://www.cochranelibrary.com/central/doi/10.1002/central/CN-02298821/full
Zhang, W., Mei, J., Evans, R., & Wu, H. (2023). The effects of information framing on self-protective behavior: Evidence from the COVID-19 vaccine uptake. Digital Health, 9.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.30829/contagion.v8i2.28747
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2026 Idamawati Nababan, Member Reni Purba, Niki Yuchinda
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
