Effectiveness of the Time Rushing Game Method in Enhancing Knowledge, Skills, and Self-Efficacy in Health-Oriented Disaster Response Simulations
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the time-rushing game method in enhancing knowledge, skills, and self-efficacy in health-oriented disaster response simulations. A quasi-experimental one-group pretest-posttest design study was conducted with 114 nursing students. The Time Rushing Game measured knowledge, skills, and self-efficacy in conducting disaster-response simulations. The Time Rushing Game intervention consisted of triage, evacuation, and initial assessment procedures, each with a 10-minute time limit. After receiving the intervention or playing the disaster simulation, knowledge, skills, and self-efficacy were measured again. Knowledge and self-efficacy were measured using a questionnaire. Skills are measured using an observation sheet. There was a significant improvement in knowledge (p=0.000), skills (p=0.000), and self-efficacy (p=0.000) after the intervention using the Time Rushing Game learning method. The number of respondents who experienced an increase was 77 for knowledge and 106 for both skills and self-efficacy. Meanwhile, 37 respondents showed no change in knowledge, and 8 respondents each showed no change in skills and self-efficacy. The Time Rushing Game effectively enhanced students' knowledge, skills, and self-efficacy in health-oriented disaster response simulations. This learning method should be implemented not only in health-oriented disaster response simulations but also in other case-study-based simulations
Keywords: Time Rushing Game, Knowledge, Skills, Self-Efficacy, Disaster Preparedness
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abualenain, J., Alhajaji, R., & Alsulimani, L. K. (2024). A systematic review of the efficacy of full-scale simulation exercises in enhancing hospital disaster preparedness. The Journal of Medicine, Law & Public Health, 4(3), 419–446. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.52609/jmlph.v4i3.133
Ariyaningsih, Sukmara, R. B., Fauzi, A., Wijaya, N., Latief, K., Wu, R.-S., & Shaw, R. (2025). Disaster risk reduction in Indonesia: 20 years after the Aceh tsunami. In Two decades from the Indian Ocean Tsunami: Key challenges and advancements (pp. 241–270). Springer. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-2669-4_15
Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana. (2026). Data Bencana di Kalimantan Barat Tahun 2025.
Bai, S., Zeng, H., Zhong, Q., Shen, Y., Cao, L., & He, M. (2024). Application of Gamification Teaching in Disaster Education: Scoping Review. JMIR Serious Games, 12, e64939. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2196/64939
Chang, C.-Y., Jen, H.-J., & Yang, J. C. (2024). Integrating scenario game-based learning with the experiential learning strategy to facilitate nursing students’ learning performance and core competencies in labor support training. Interactive Learning Environments, 32(10), 7170–7185. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2024.2308092
Choi, E.-J., & Choi, Y.-J. (2024). Development and effect of an interactive simulated education program for psychological first aid: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Nursing Management, 2024(1), 8806047. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/8806047
Choi, Y.-J., & Song, H. (2024). Effectiveness of a fire disaster PFA simulation game: a single-blinded trial. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 18, e64. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2024.47
Delforge, D., Wathelet, V., Below, R., Sofia, C. L., Tonnelier, M., van Loenhout, J. A. F., & Speybroeck, N. (2025). EM-DAT: the emergency events database. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 105509. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3807553/v1
Dumblekar, V., & Dhar, U. (2021). Perceived self-efficacy of students in a business simulation game. Irish Journal of Management, 40(1), 61–73. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2478/ijm-2021-0004
Emaliyawati, E., Ibrahim, K., Trisyani, Y., Nuraeni, A., Sugiharto, F., Miladi, Q. N., Abdillah, H., Christina, M., Setiawan, D. R., & Sutini, T. (2025). Enhancing disaster preparedness through tabletop disaster exercises: a scoping review of benefits for health workers and students. Advances in Medical Education and Practice, 1–11. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2147/AMEP.S504705
Gooding, K., Bertone, M. P., Loffreda, G., & Witter, S. (2022). How can we strengthen partnership and coordination for health system emergency preparedness and response? Findings from a synthesis of experience across countries facing shocks. BMC Health Services Research, 22(1), 1441. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-08859-6
Guo, L., Fang, M., Liu, L., Chong, H., Zeng, W., & Hu, X. (2025). The development of disaster preparedness education for public: a scoping review. BMC Public Health, 25(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-21664-0
Hendrawan, V. S. A., Rahardjo, A. P., Mawandha, H. G., Aldrian, E., Muhari, A., & Komori, D. (2025). Past and future climate–related hazards in Indonesia. EGUsphere, 2025, 1–34. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-584
Hidayat, U. R., Alfikrie, F., Hatmalyakin, D., Arisandi, D., Akbar, A., Nurpratiwi, N., Amaludin, M., Iswara, R., Safitri, D., & Anjarwadi, I. A. (2024). Efektifitas Game Online “Camat (Cepat Tepat Selamat)” tentang Bantuan Hidup Dasar Oleh Penolong Awam dengan Konsep Selamat Terhadap Pengetahuan Masyarakat Kota Pontianak. MAHESA: Malahayati Health Student Journal, 4(9), 3648–3658. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33024/jkpm.v8i3.18020
Idrus, I. A., Kamal, K., & Syah, S. (2025). Challenges and Development of Disaster Mitigation Policies in North Luwu Regency: Strengthening Post-Disaster Resilience. International Journal of Safety & Security Engineering, 15(3). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsse.150308
Mahdi, S. S., Jafri, H. A., Allana, R., Battineni, G., Khawaja, M., Sakina, S., Agha, D., Rehman, K., & Amenta, F. (2023). Systematic review on the current state of disaster preparation Simulation Exercises (SimEx). BMC Emergency Medicine, 23(1), 52. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12873-023-00824-8
Mao, W., Cui, Y., Chiu, M. M., & Lei, H. (2022). Effects of game-based learning on students’ critical thinking: A meta-analysis. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 59(8), 1682–1708.
Mirza, M., Lukosch, S., & Lukosch, H. (2024). Exploring the effects of time pressure and distracting elements in an Augmented Reality game for emergency preparedness. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 114, 104900. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104900
Mızrak, S., & Aslan, R. (2024). Experiences of First Responders in Enhancing Disaster Education Capacity. In Disaster and Climate Risk Education: Insights from Knowledge to Action (pp. 325–341). Springer. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-5987-3_18
Nasution, R. F., Lestari, E. B., & Usiono, U. (2025). Peran Pendidikan Kesiapsiagaan Bencana dalam Meningkatkan Kesadaran pada Remaja. Jurnal Bintang Pendidikan Indonesia, 3(1), 119–128. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.55606/jubpi.v3i1.3491
Pamula, J. P., Adhi, M. H. P., Ramdani, M. L., & Angelia, N. (2025). The Effect Simba Puzzle on Student’s Self Efficacy Level in Flood Disaster Preparedness. HealthCare Nursing Journal, 7(1), 15–20. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.35568/healthcare.v7i1.5629
Pek, J. H., Quah, L. J. J., Valente, M., Ragazzoni, L., & Della Corte, F. (2023). Use of simulation in full-scale exercises for response to disasters and mass-casualty incidents: a scoping review. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 38(6), 792–806. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x2300660x
Righi, E., Lauriola, P., Ghinoi, A., Giovannetti, E., & Soldati, M. (2021). Disaster risk reduction and interdisciplinary education and training. Progress in Disaster Science, 10, 100165. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2021.100165
Rotzoll, D., Pott, C., Stöhr, R., Hartwig, T., & Gries, A. (2025). Triaging in Mass Casualty Incidents: A Simulation‐Based Scenario Training for Emergency Care Senior Residents. The Clinical Teacher, 22(3), e70083. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/tct.70083
Smith, K., Fearnley, C. J., Dixon, D., Bird, D. K., & Kelman, I. (2023). Environmental hazards: assessing risk and reducing disaster. Routledge. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351261647
Spiridonov, V., Ćurić, M., & Novkovski, N. (2025). Exploring natural hazards: From earthquakes, floods, and beyond. In Atmospheric Perspectives: Unveiling Earth’s Environmental Challenges (pp. 271–306). Springer. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-86757-6_11
Taheri, E., Wang, C., & Zahmat Doost, E. (2023). Emergency decision-making under an uncertain time limit. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 95, 103832. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103832
Tay, B., Turan, A., Altuncı, Y. A., Şahin, H., & Postacı, E. S. (2025). Comparison of Three Methods for START Triage Training in Paramedic Students: Traditional, Role-Play, and Web-Based Games. Tıp Eğitimi Dünyası, 24(74), 98–107. https://doi.org/Doi: 10.25282/ ted.1695478
United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. (2025). Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction 2025: Resilience Pays: Financing and Investing for Our Future. Stylus Publishing, LLC.
Vage, A., Spence, A. D., McKeown, G., Gormley, G. J., & Hamilton, P. K. (2024). Simulate to stimulate? A systematic review of stress, learning, and performance in healthcare simulation. The Ulster Medical Journal, 93(3), 119.
Wang, L., Zhao, Q., Dong, L., Zhao, H., Qin, L., Deng, T., Huang, H., Li, M., Wu, X., & Liu, J. (2024). The effectiveness of serious games on undergraduate nursing students’ knowledge and skills: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nurse Education in Practice, 80, 104102. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2024.104102
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.30829/contagion.v8i2.28435
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2026 Uti Rusdian Hidayat, Defa Arisandi, Debby Hatmalyakin, Ali Akbar, Fauzan Alfikrie, Nurpratiwi Nurpratiwi, Mimi Amaludin, Ihsan Angga Anjarwadi, Nurannisa Nurannisa, Andi Subandi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
