11.png)
Email this article THE MEANING OF RELIGIOUS MODERATION ON THE RESILIENCE OF MUSLIM MINORITY IN BALINESE HINDUS
Abstract
Abstract: The Bali bombing around two decades ago has caused deep traumatic events in the world, not only psychological, socioeconomic, and multinational effects, but also serious impacts on the relationship between the two religions: Islam and Hindusm. This study documents how Muslims as a minority group in Bali attempted to survive amidst the Hindu majority and how these two ethnic-religious groups maintain harmonious relationship after the Bali Bombing incident. This study uses a case study methods with an interpretive paradigm and qualitative approach, the aim is to shows that social pressure and discrimination has not harm the relationship between the two in that the Muslim and Hindus cooperate in the economic sector and strengthen the relationship with kinship and marriage. This effort is a way for the Muslim-Hindus to rebuild the moderation of unity which was collapsed in Bali.
Keywords: Muslim-Hindus, Bali, majority-minority, relations
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abd. Hamid, S.Pd.I., Wijayanti, S.Pd., and Ilyani, S.Pd.I., M.Pd. “Dampak Bom Bali Bagi Keberlangsungan Lembaga Pendidikan Islam,” March 10, 2020.
Abu Khairi. “Keterlibatan Raja Pemecutan XI Pada Peringatan Hari Besar Islam,” March 10, 2020.
Abu Lughod, Lila. “Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving? Anthropological Reflections on Cultural Relativism and Its Others.” American Anthropologist 104, no. 3 (2002): 783–790.
Acharya, Arabinda. “The Bali Bombings: Impact on Indonesia and Southeast Asia.” Center for Eurasian Policy Occasional Research Paper, Series II (Islamism in Southeast Asia) 2 (2006): 1–5.
Agung, Anak Agung Ketut. Kupu-Kupu Kuning Yang Terbang Di Selat Lombok: Lintasan Sejarah Kerajaan Karangasem, 1661-1950. Denpasar: Upada Sastra, 1991.
Ahmed, Leila. Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate. CT: Yale University Press, 1993.
Ali, M. “Understanding Suicide Attack: Weapon of the Weak or Crime Against Humanity?” Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies 10, no. 30 (2011): 236–257.
Anom, I.P. “Emerging Transdisciplinary Theory on Tourism Research: A Case from Bali.” International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change 11, no. 1 (2020): 390–404.
Arcana, I. “Factors That Affect Tourists’ Satisfaction towards Traditional Balinese Cuisineat Ubud Bali as Gastro Tourism Destination.” Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems 11, no. 11 (2019): 349–359.
Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Bali. Provinsi Bali Dalam Angka Tahun 2019. Bali: Bidang Integrasi Pengolahan dan Diseminasi Statistik, 2019.
Barth, Fredrik. Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference. Illinois: Waveland Press, 1998.
Bartkowski, John P., and Jen’nan Ghazal Read. “Veiled Submission: Gender, Power, and Identity Among Evangelical and Muslim Women in the United States.” Qualitative Sociology 26, no. 1 (March 1, 2003): 71–92.
Elsayed, Ahmed, and Andries de Grip. “Terrorism and the Integration of Muslim Immigrants.” Journal of Population Economics 31, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 45–67.
Ernawati, N. “Impacts of Tourism in Ubud Bali Indonesia: A Community-Based Tourism Perspective.” Journal of Physics: Conference Series 953, no. 1 (2018).
Forrester, Andrew C., Benjamin Powell, Alex Nowrasteh, and Michelangelo Landgrave. “Do Immigrants Import Terrorism?” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 166 (October 1, 2019): 529–543.
Gurtner, Y. “Returning to Paradise: Investigating Issues of Tourism Crisis and Disaster Recovery on the Island of Bali.” Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management 28, no. Query date: 2020-10-23 19:22:16 (2016): 11–19.
Gurtner, Yetta. “After the Bali Bombing-the Long Road to Recovery.” Australian Journal of Emergency Management, The 19, no. 4 (2004): 56.
H. Kasri. “Kebaikan Sang Raja Kepada Muslim Di Denpasar Bali,” March 6, 2020.
H. Mansur. “Penghormatan Raja Cokorda Pemecutan III Kepada Muslim Bugis Di Bali,” Pebruari 2020.
———. “Sejarah Kedatangan Muslim Bugis Ke Bali,” Pebruari 2020.
Hauser-Schäublin, Brigitta, and David D. Harnish. Between Harmony and Discrimination: Negotiating Religious Identities Within Majority-Minority Relationships in Bali and Lombok. Brill, 2014.
Hayat, Bahrul. “Kontribusi Islam Terhadap Masa Depan Peradaban Di Asia Tenggara.” MIQOT: Jurnal Ilmu-ilmu Keislaman 36, no. 1 (June 2, 2012). Accessed June 8, 2021. http://jurnalmiqotojs.uinsu.ac.id/index.php/jurnalmiqot/article/view/115.
Heiduk, F. “In It Together Yet Worlds Apart? EU–ASEAN Counter-Terrorism Cooperation After the Bali Bombings.” Journal of European Integration 36, no. 7 (2014): 697–713.
Hutchison, Emma. “Trauma and the Politics of Emotions: Constituting Identity, Security and Community after the Bali Bombing.” International Relations 24, no. 1 (March 1, 2010): 65–86.
I Ketut Rupa. “Penolakan Perijinan Pemakaman Muslim Di Bali,” Pebruari 2020.
I Made Murgita. “Larangan Pegawai Mall Ber-Jilbab Di Denpasar,” 21 Pebruari.
I Wayan Darmika and Sang Ayu Nyoman Darmi. “Belajar Dari Migran Muslim,” April 1, 2020.
Ja’far, Ja’far. “Respons Al Jam’iyatul Washliyah Terhadap Terorisme.” AKADEMIKA: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam 22, no. 1 (22 June 2017): 1-26.
Kýlýç, Sevgi, Sawitri Saharso, and Birgit Sauer. “Introduction: The Veil: Debating Citizenship, Gender and Religious Diversity.” Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society 15, no. 4 (December 1, 2008): 397–410.
Korstanje, M. “Tourism, Development, and Terrorism in Bali.” e-Review of Tourism Research 9, no. 2 (2011): 1–3.
Kruglanski, Arie W. “Psychological Insights into Indonesian Islamic Terrorism: The What, the How and the Why of Violent Extremism.” Asian Journal of Social Psychology 16, no. 2 (2013): 112–116.
Lettinga, Doutje, and Sawitri Saharso. “The Political Debates on the Veil in France and the Netherlands: Reflecting National Integration Models?” Comparative European Politics 10, no. 3 (July 1, 2012): 319–336.
Lewis, J. “Recovery: Taming the Rwa Bhineda After the Bali Bombings.” Rethinking Insecurity, War and Violence: Beyond Savage Globalization?, no. Query date: 2020-10-23 16:37:29 (2008): 194–207.
Liu, J. “Towards an Indigenous Psychology of Religious Terrorism with Global Implications: Introduction to AJSP’s Special Issue on Islamist Terrorism in Indonesia.” Asian Journal of Social Psychology 16, no. 2 (2013): 79–82.
Macdonald, Myra. “Muslim Women and the Veil.” Feminist Media Studies 6, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 7–23.
McDonald, M. “Trouble in Paradise: Contesting Security in Bali.” Security Dialogue 48, no. 3 (2017): 241–258.
Millard, Mike. Jihad in Paradise: Islam and Politics in Southeast Asia: Islam and Politics in Southeast Asia. Routledge, 2015. Accessed November 11, 2019. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315703107.
Ni Made Sukerti. “Perkembangan Usaha Dan Perekonomian Muslim Di Bali,” March 20, 2020.
Nurlaila. “Tekanan Terhadap Lembaga Pendidikan Islam Pasca Bom Bali,” Pebruari 2020.
Parker, Lyn. “Intersections of Gender/Sex, Multiculturalism and Religion: Young Muslim Minority Women in Contemporary Bali.” Asian Studies Review 41, no. 3 (July 3, 2017): 441–458.
Pedersen, Lene. 6 Keeping the Peace: Interdependence and Narratives of Tolerance in Hindu-Muslim Relationships in Eastern Bali. Between Harmony and Discrimination: Negotiating Religious Identities within Majority-Minority Relationships in Bali and Lombok. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2014. Accessed November 3, 2020. https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004271494/B9789004271494_008.xml.
Picard, Michel. “Balinese Religion in Search of Recognition: From ‘Agama Hindu Bali’ to ‘Agama Hindu’ (1945-1965).” Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 167, no. 4 (2011): 482–510.
Ramstedt, Martin. “Muslim-Hindu Relations in Contemporary Indonesia.” ISIM Newsletter 4 (1999): 1.
Reivich, Karen, and Andrew Shatté. The Resilience Factor: 7 Essential Skills for Overcoming Life’s Inevitable Obstacles. Broadway Books, 2002.
Reuter, Thomas. “Global Trends in Religion and the Reaffirmation of Hindu Identity in Bali.” Working Papers (Monash University. Centre of Southeast Asian Studies) (2008): iv.
Riska Femi Pratiwi. “Pelarangan Berjualan Bakso Bagi Muslim Di Sekitar Kuta, Bali,” March 5, 2020.
Saefudin, Ahmad, and Fathur Rohman. “Building Social Harmony in the Jepara Shi‘ite Minorities.” Journal of Contemporary Islam and Muslim Societies 3, no. 2 (December 30, 2019): 176–204.
Secor, Anna J. “The Veil and Urban Space in Istanbul: Women’s Dress, Mobility and Islamic Knowledge.” Gender, Place & Culture 9, no. 1 (March 1, 2002): 5–22.
Shirazi, Faegheh, and Smeeta Mishra. “Young Muslim Women on the Face Veil (Niqab): A Tool of Resistance in Europe but Rejected in the United States.” International Journal of Cultural Studies (January 6, 2010). Accessed June 1, 2020. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1367877909348538.
Sobocinska, A. “Innocence Lost and Paradise Regained Tourism to Bali and Australian Perceptions of Asia.” History Australia 8, no. 2 (2011): 199–222.
Sternbach, Ludwik. “CâGakya’s Aphorisms in the Hitopadeœa (II).” Journal of the American Oriental Society 77, no. 1 (1957): 26–31.
Stevens, G. “Coping Support Factors Among Australians Affected by Terrorism: 2002 Bali Bombing Survivors Speak.” Medical Journal of Australia 199, no. 11 (2013): 772–775.
Stevens, Garry J., Julie C. Dunsmore, Kingsley E. Agho, Melanie R. Taylor, Alison L. Jones, Jason J. Van Ritten, and Beverley Raphael. “Long-Term Health and Wellbeing of People Affected by the 2002 Bali Bombing.” Medical Journal of Australia 198, no. 5 (2013): 273–277.
Subhan. “Diskriminasi Terhadap Muslim/Ah Yang Memakai Atribut Agama (Jilbab, Hijab, Niqâb, Celana Cingkrang, Dan Berjenggot),” Pebruari 2020.
Subhan, H. Mansur, Zulkifli, Nurlaila, I Made Murgita, I Ketut Rupa, I Wayan Darmika, Ni Ketut Reni, Ni Made Sukerti, and Sang Ayu Nyoman Darmi. “Hubungan Kekerabatan Muslim-Hindu,” April 2020.
Sunesti, Y. “The 2002 Bali Bombing and the New Public Sphere: The Portrayal of Terrorism in Indonesian Online Discussion Forums.” Al-Jami’ah 52, no. 1 (2014): 231–255.
Suryani, L. “Suicide in Paradise: Aftermath of the Bali Bombings.” Psychological Medicine 39, no. 8 (2009): 1317–1323.
Syahnan, Mhd., Ja'far Ja'far, and Muhammad Iqbal. “Ulama and Radicalism in Contemporary Indonesia: Response of Al Washliyah’s Ulama on Radicalism.”Ahkam: Jurnal Ilmu Syariah, 21, no. 1 (2021).
Tambiah, Stanley J. Leveling Crowds: Ethnonationalist Conflicts and Collective Violence in South Asia. New York: University of California Press, 1997.
Terjemahan, Al-Quran and Kementerian Agama RI. “Al-Qur’an Dan Terjemahannya.” Jakarta: Kementerian Agama RI (2019).
Wacana, Lalu, S. H. Suhardjo, H. I. Abdul Wahab, and Lalu Lukman. Sejarah Daerah Nusa Tenggara Barat. Mataram: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan NTB, 1988.
Wahid, Ramli Abdul. “Aliran Minoritas Dalam Islam Di Indonesia.” Journal of Contemporary Islam and Muslim Societies 1, no. 2 (July 14, 2018): 141–163.
White, David. “Proto-SâCkhya and Advaita Vedânta in the Bhagavadgîtâ.” Philosophy East and West 29, no. 4 (1979): 501–507.
Zulkifli. “Hormat Sang Raja Pemecutan XI Kepada Muslim Bugis,” March 5, 2020.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.30821/jcims.v5i1.8686
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Jl. Williem Iskandar Psr V, Medan Estate, Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia, 20371, Telp. (061) 6615683-6622925
Email: jcims@uinsu.ac.id
Journal of Contemporary Islam and Muslim Societies [ISSN 2528-6110 (print) | ISSN 2528-7435 (online)] is published by the UINSU Press, Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara Medan.
Journal of Contemporary Islam and Muslim Societies by http://jurnal.uinsu.ac.id/index.php/JCIMS/index is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright �2023 Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara Medan. Powered by Public Knowledge Project OJS.