DISTRIBUSI PENDAPATAN DAN KEMISKINAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF ISLAM : STUDI MASYARAKAT DI PULAU MADURA

Abstract

AbstractIncome distribution and poverty remain structural challenges in Indonesia's economicdevelopment, particularly in regions with traditional socio-economic characteristics such asMadura Island. Economic inequality driven by the low productivity of primary sectors, limitedaccess to education and capital, and inadequate infrastructure reflects the unfulfilled realization ofthe Islamic principles of ‘adl (justice) and maslahah ‘ammah (public welfare). Islam, as a value-based economic system, offers redistributive solutions through mechanisms such as zakat, infaq,sadaqah, and waqf (ZISWAF), along with prohibitions against riba (usury), monopoly, andhoarding of wealth.This study aims to analyze the patterns of income distribution and the underlying causesof poverty in Madura Island from the perspective of Islamic economics, as well as to examine howIslamic social finance instruments contribute to reducing inequality and promoting communitywelfare. The research employs a qualitative descriptive approach using the library researchmethod, with data collected from national and international journals, Islamic economics literature,reports from Statistics Indonesia (BPS), and documents from Islamic social institutions such asBAZNAS and BMT. Data were analyzed through content analysis and thematic interpretation,linking Islamic economic theories with the socio-economic realities of Madura's communities.The findings reveal that income inequality in Madura is influenced by structural factors(low educational attainment, limited employment opportunities, and restricted access to financialcapital) and cultural factors (traditional economic behavior, reliance on migration, and low Islamicfinancial literacy). Although Islamic social finance instruments such as ZISWAF hold significant potential to reduce poverty, their implementation remains suboptimal due to weak institutionalgovernance, limited inter-agency coordination, and low public awareness of productive Islamiceconomic practices. This study emphasizes the importance of strengthening Islamic financialinstitutions, improving financial literacy, and promoting community-based empowerment to createa more just and sustainable income distribution system in accordance with the principles ofmaqasid al-syari‘ah.Keywords: Income Distribution, Poverty, Islamic Economics, Zakat, Madura Island. AbstrakDistribusi pendapatan dan kemiskinan merupakan persoalan struktural yang masih menjaditantangan besar dalam pembangunan ekonomi di Indonesia, terutama pada wilayah dengan karakteristiksosial-ekonomi tradisional seperti Pulau Madura. Ketimpangan ekonomi yang disebabkan oleh rendahnyaproduktivitas sektor primer, keterbatasan akses pendidikan dan permodalan, serta lemahnya infrastruktur,mencerminkan belum terwujudnya prinsip ‘adl (keadilan) dan maslahah ‘ammah (kemaslahatan umum)dalam kehidupan masyarakat. Islam, sebagai sistem ekonomi yang berlandaskan nilai moral dan spiritual,menawarkan solusi redistributif melalui mekanisme zakat, infak, sedekah, wakaf (ZISWAF), serta laranganpraktik riba, monopoli, dan penimbunan harta.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pola distribusi pendapatan dan faktor penyebabkemiskinan di Pulau Madura berdasarkan perspektif ekonomi Islam, serta menelaah sejauh manainstrumen-instrumen keuangan sosial Islam berperan dalam mengurangi ketimpangan danmeningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptifdengan metode studi pustaka (library research), dengan sumber data berupa jurnal nasional daninternasional, buku-buku ekonomi Islam, laporan BPS, serta dokumen dari lembaga sosial-keagamaan seperti BAZNAS dan BMT. Analisis dilakukan melalui pendekatan isi (contentanalysis) dan interpretasi tematik yang mengaitkan teori ekonomi Islam dengan kondisi sosial-ekonomi masyarakat Madura.Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa ketimpangan distribusi pendapatan di Maduradipengaruhi oleh faktor struktural (rendahnya pendidikan, keterbatasan lapangan kerja, dan aksesmodal) serta faktor kultural (pola hidup tradisional, ketergantungan terhadap migrasi, danrendahnya literasi keuangan syariah). Potensi instrumen ZISWAF sangat besar dalam menekankemiskinan, namun implementasinya masih belum optimal karena lemahnya tata kelola lembaga,minimnya sinergi antarinstansi, serta rendahnya kesadaran masyarakat terhadap praktik ekonomiIslam produktif. Penelitian ini menegaskan pentingnya optimalisasi lembaga keuangan syariah,penguatan literasi ekonomi Islam, dan pemberdayaan berbasis komunitas untuk menciptakansistem distribusi pendapatan yang adil dan berkelanjutan sesuai prinsip maqasid al-syari‘ah.Kata kunci: Distribusi Pendapatan, Kemiskinan, Ekonomi Islam, Zakat, Pulau Madura