Maternal Risk Factors Associated with Low Birth Weight: A Case Control Study in Deli Tua District

Nur Mala Sari, Peny Ariani, Putri Ayu Yessy Ariescha

Abstract


 

Low birth weight (LBW) remains a significant public health concern in Indonesia, contributing to neonatal morbidity, mortality, and long-term developmental challenges. Although numerous studies have explored LBW, evidence on maternal risk factors in low-resource settings particularly within independent midwife practices remains scarce. This study examined the associations between maternal age, parity, antenatal care (ANC) visits, history of anemia, and gestational weight gain with LBW incidence in Deli Tua Sub-District, Deli Serdang Regency. A case–control design was employed from December 2024 to March 2025, involving 95 postpartum mothers (35 cases, 60 controls) selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using validated questionnaires (Content Validity Index = 0.82; Cronbach’s α = 0.85) and maternal health records, and analyzed using Chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression (SPSS version 22). Multivariate analysis identified maternal age at risk (<25 or >35 years) as the sole significant predictor of LBW (OR = 6.69; 95% CI = 3.21–25.22; p = 0.006). Parity (OR = 2.76; p = 0.077), ANC visits (OR = 1.22; p = 0.797), history of anemia (OR = 0.57; p = 0.421), and gestational weight gain (OR = 1.20; p = 0.773) were not significantly associated with LBW. The model demonstrated acceptable fit (Hosmer Lemeshow p = 0.49; Nagelkerke R² = 0.29). Maternal age emerged as the most influential determinant of LBW in this population. These findings underscore the importance of targeted surveillance for high-risk age groups and the enhancement of promotive and preventive strategies including improved ANC service quality, nutritional counseling, and family engagement in maternal care to reduce LBW incidence in resource-limited settings.

 

Keywords: Anemia, Antenatal Care, Gestational Weight Gain, Low Birth Weight, Maternal Age, Parity

Full Text:

PDF

References


Apriani, E., Subandi, A., & Khusni, A. (2021). Hubungan Usia Ibu Hamil, Paritas Dan Usia Kehamilan Dengan Kejadian BBLR Di RSUD Cilacap. Tens: Trends Of Nursing Sciences , 4(1), 45–52.

Arsesiana, A. (2021). Analisis Hubungan Usia Ibu Dan Jarak Kehamilan Dengan Kejadian Bayi Berat Lahir Rendah ( Bblr ) Di Rs Panembahan. Jurnal Kebidanan, 11, 592–597.

Elvina, S. S., & Aminah. (2022). Hubungan Preeklamsi Dengan Kejadian Berat Bayi Lahir Rendah (BBLR) Di RSUP Haji Adam Malik Medan. Jurnal Indragiri, 2(1), 47–51.

Fatmawati, E., & Wati, D. R. (2021). Hubungan Paritas Dengan Berat Badan Lahir Rendah (BBLR). IJMT : Indonesian Journal Of Midwifery Today, 1(1), 49. Https://Doi.Org/10.30587/Ijmt.V1i1.3419

Florencia, G. J. D. C. H., Chandra, D. N., & Lestari1, W. (2025). Association Between Maternal Anemia And Low Birth Weight Among Stunting Children 12−23 Months In Dili, Timor Leste. World Nutrition Journal, 8(2), 121–130. Https://Doi.Org/10.25220/WNJ.V08.I2.0014

Garces, A., Perez, W., Harrison, M. S., Hwang, K. S., Nolen, T. L., Goldenberg, R. L., Patel, A. B., Hibberd, P. L., Lokangaka, A., Tshefu, A., Saleem, S., Goudar, S. S., Derman, R. J., Patterson, J., Thomas, M. K., Mcclure, E. M., Krebs, N. F., & Hambidge, K. M. (2020). Association Of Parity With Birthweight And Neonatal Death In Five Sites : The Global Network ’ S Maternal Newborn Health Registry Study. Reproductive Health, 17(3), 1–8. Https://Doi.Org/10.1186/S12978-020-01025-3

Hakima, A. A. S., Iman, A. H. B, & Omar, A. O. (2022). Gestational Weight Gain And Its Association With Maternal And Neonatal Outcomes Among Pregnant Women With Normal Pre-Pregnancy Body Mass Index From A Middle Eastern Country. Midwifery.

Hapsari, A., Fadhilah, Y., & Wardhani, H. E. (2022). Hubungan Kunjungan Antenatal Care Dan Berat Badan Lahir Rendah Terhadap Kejadian Stunting Di Kota Batu. JI-KES (Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan), 5(2), 108–114. Https://Doi.Org/10.33006/Ji-Kes.V5i2.258

Hariastuti, D. R., Anggondowati, T., Makful, M. R., Kependudukan, I., & Masyarakat, K. (2024). Autokorelasi Spasial Prevalensi Bayi Berat Badan Lahir Rendah Di Provinsi Jawa Tengah Dan Jawa Timur Tahun 2022. Jurnal Manajemen Kesehatan Indonesia, 12(1), 45–59.

Heriani, H., & Camelia, R. (2022). Hubungan Umur Dan Paritas Ibu Dengan Kejadian Berat Badan Lahir Rendah. Babul Ilmi Jurnal Ilmiah Multi Science Kesehatan, 14(1), 116–122. Https://Doi.Org/10.36729/Bi.V14i1.818

Hiroyuki, U., Kyoichiro, T., Tetsuo, S., Sayaka, H., Megumi, K., Sanae, O., Hiroshi, Y., Kunio, M., Akiyama, Y., Tadao, O., Reiji, K., Ryoji, S., Shuji, H., & Zentaro, Y. (2022). Gestational Body Weight Gain And Risk Of Low Birth Weight Or Macrosomia In Women Of Japan : A Nationwide Cohort Study. September 2021. Https://Doi.Org/10.1038/S41366-021-00947-7

Ika, A. H. (2021). Hubungan Pertambahan Berat Badan Ibu Selama Hamil Dengan Berat Bayi Lahir Rendah Di PMB W Banjarmasin. Jurnal Kebidanan Dan Keperawatan, 12(1), 47–56. Https://Doi.Org/10.33859/Dksm.V12i1.693

Khezri, R., Rezaei, F., Jahanfar, S., & Ebrahimi, K. (2025). Association Between Maternal Anemia During Pregnancy With Low Birth Weight Their Infants. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 1–9. Https://Doi.Org/10.1038/S41598-025-91316-1

Lin, L., Lu, C., Chen, W., Li, C., & Guo, V. Y. (2021). Parity And The Risks Of Adverse Birth Outcomes : A Retrospective Study Among Chinese. Pregnancy And Childbirth, 21(257), 1–11.

Mario, E., Anugerah, W., Muthmainnah, M., Yuli, P. D., Bambang, E. C., Izatun, N., & Teguh, W. (2025). Profile And Factors Associated With Low Birth Weight In Indonesia: A National Data Survey. Rural And Remote Healtth, 0–8.

Muhyiddin, H. A., Fau, H., Setiawati, D., Larasati, I., & Asse, A. (2024). The Relationship Between The Parity And The Occurrences Of Low Birth Weight ( LBW ) In Newborns At Lamaddukkelleng Regional Hospital Of Wajo Regency The Relationship Between The Parity And The Occurrences Of Low Birth Weight ( LBW ) In Newborns At Lamaddu. Jurnal Berkala Ilmiah Kedokteran, 07(2), 1–12.

Muluneh, M. W., Mulugeta, S. S., Belay, A. T., & Moyehodie, Y. A. (2023). Determinants Of Low Birth Weight Among Newborns At Debre Tabor Referral Hospital , Northwest Ethiopia : A Cross-Sectional Study. Original Research Article. Https://Doi.Org/10.1177/23779608231167107

Nina, H., Sinta, D. O., Akhmad, K. D., & Fonda, O. S. (2024). Hubungan Anemia Pada Ibu Hamil Dengan Bayi Berat Lahir Rendah (BBLR). Jurnal Penelitian Perawat Profesional, 6, 2367–2372.

Ningsih, N. A. W., & Sumarmi, S. (2023). Literature Review: Hubungan Pertambahan Berat Badan Ibu Selama Kehamilan Dengan Kejadian Berat Badan Lahir Rendah (BBLR) Di Indonesia. Media Gizi Kesmas, 12(2), 1064–1069. Https://Doi.Org/10.20473/Mgk.V12i2.2023.1064-1069

Permana, I., Shidqi, M. D., & Pratiwi, W. (2025). The Relationship Between Maternal Age And Parity With The Incidence Of Low Birth Weight ( LBW ) At Waled Hospital , Cirebon. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat, 9(April), 2430–2435.

Purba, F. R. B., Hanum, P., Sinaga, J. M. M., Rafianef, G. Z., & Sianturi, F. (2025). Hubungan Riwayat Kunjungan ANC, Paritas Dan Pendidikan Dengan Kejadian BBLR Di Klinik Pratama Mariana. Journal Of Pharmaceutical And Sciences, 950–959. Https://Doi.Org/10.36490/Journal-Jps.Com.V8i2.877

Raidanti, D., & Wahidin, W. (2021). Hubungan Preeklampsia Dan Paritas Tinggi Dengan Kejadian Bayi Berat Lahir Rendah. Ahmar Metastasis Health Journal, 1(1), 11–15. Https://Doi.Org/10.53770/Amhj.V1i1.2

Sari, D. P., Ekoriano, M., Pujihasvuty, R., Kistiana, S., Nasution, S. L., Ardiana, I., Purwoko, E., Devi, Y. P., & Muthmainnah, M. (2024). Antenatal Care Utilization On Low Birth Weight Children Among Women With High-Risk Births [ Version 2 ; Peer Review : 2 Approved ]. F1000 Research, 12(399), 1–20.

Sari, I. (2021). Hubungan Penambahan Berat Badan Ibu Selama Hamil Dengan Berat Badan Bayi Baru Lahir. 1, 41–49.

Sibuea, R., & Raja, S. N. L. (2022). Correlation Of Anemia In Pregnancy And Low Birth Weight In Public Health Centers. Science Midwifery, 10(4), 2985–2991. Https://Doi.Org/10.35335/Midwifery.V10i4.748

Sun, J., Sun, M., Zhang, L., Lai, C., & Jiang, H. (2025). Outcomes In Very Low Birth. February, 1–6. Https://Doi.Org/10.3389/Fped.2025.1444471

Suparni, I. E., & Mariana, B. D. (2024). The Relationship Of Anemia In Pregnant Women With Low Birth Weight. Journal Of Applied Nursing And Health, 6(2), 280–292.

UNICEF. (2023). Low Birthweight.

Wahyuni, W. T., Wardhana, A. W., & Riastiti, Y. (2021). Hubungan Anemia, Usia Ibu, Paritas Dan Jarak Kehamilan Dengan Kejadian Berat Badan Bayi Lahir Rendah Di RSUD Abdul Wahab Sjahranie Samarinda. Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Mualwarman,Indonesia, 6(1), 1–15.

WHO. (2016). WHO Recommendations On Antenatal Care For A Positive Pregnancy Experience.

Zahra, T. A., & Hidayat, F. (2023). Hubungan Pertambahan Berat Badan Pada Ibu Selama Kehamilan Dengan Kejadian Bblr. Jurnal Muara Medika Dan Psikologi Klinis, 3(1), 15–21. Https://doi.org/10.24912/Jmmpk.V3i1.24797




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.30829/contagion.v7i2.24528

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2025 Nur Mala Sari, Peny Ariani, Putri Ayu Yessy

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

 
Contagion: Scientific Periodical Journal of Public Health and Coastal Health by Program Studi Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.