A REVIEW ON ISLAMOPHOBIA AND ITS PRACTICES IN INDONESIA AS MUSLIM-MAJORITY COUNTRY

Muhammad Rasyid Ridho, Siti Zainurrahmi Br Bangun

Abstract


This research paper explores the phenomenon of Islamophobia, particularly its manifestations and implications in Indonesia. The study critiques the predominant Western-centric scholarship on Islamophobia, highlighting its existence has also developed in Muslim-majority countries. It delves into the historical and contemporary perspectives on Islamophobia in global settings, especially from Muslim-majority countries to within Indonesia, especially the socio-political dynamics from the Old Order through the New Order to the post-Reformation era. Drawing on qualitative analysis, the paper discusses various incidents and policies that reflect Islamophobic tendencies, such as governmental restrictions on Islamic expressions by banning civil society oganizations such as Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI) and Islamic Defender Front (FPI), the reemeergence of niqab and short trousers (celana cingkrang) prohibition in state agencies, and dai certification. There is a few case on societal prejudices against Muslims in horizontal level. There is need for dialogue and understanding among Muslim communities and advocates for the role of religious authorities in countering misinformation and fostering a narrative of tolerance and inclusivity due to Islamophobia potential impact on society cohesiveness. Ultimately, it calls for a collective effort to address Islamophobia in Indonesia while promoting the values of Wasathiyyah Islam as a guiding principle for harmonious coexistence.

Keywords


Muslim-majority Islamophobia;state control; labelling; ummah unity; Wasatiyyah Islam

Full Text:

PDF

References


Abbas, T. (2012). The symbiotic relationship between Islamophobia and radicalisation. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 5(3), 345-358. doi:10.1080/17539153.2012.723448

Abbas, T. (2019). Islamophobia and Radicalisation: A Vicious Cycle. New York: Oxford University Press.

Abdelkader, D. (2019). Old wine in new bottles: Secularism and Islamophobia in Egypt. Dalam E. Bayraklı, & F. Hafez (Penyunt.), Islamophobia in Muslim Majority Societies (hal. 125-136). Oxordshire: Routledge.

Al-Ajurri, I. (2018). Akhlak orang berilmu dan ahli Al-Qur'an, Jakarta : Alifia Books, 2018. (M. Hidayat, Penyunt.) Jakarta: Alifia Books. Dipetik Oktober 3, 2021, dari https://books.google.co.id/books?id=pK1iDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA63&lpg=PA63&dq=orang+yang+berilmu+pertanggung+jawaban&source=bl&ots=n-HMSQHorq&sig=ACfU3U3n0B6Q_euL6-At3O7OVy2YQ0uAsA&hl=id&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=orang%20yang%20berilmu%20pertanggung%20jawaban&f=false

Al-Atsari, A. I. (2020, Mei 16). Bahaya Bicara Agama Tanpa Ilmu. Dipetik Oktober 4, 2021, dari Muslim.or.id: https://muslim.or.id/6442-bahaya-bicara-agama-tanpa-ilmu.html

Allen, C. (2010). Contemporary Islamophobia Before 9/11: A Brief History. (A. Faliq, A. Mohamed-Saleem, S. Alam, A. Ahmed, & H. Foreman, Penyunt.) Archers Quarterly, 4(7), 14-23. Dipetik September 26, 2021, dari https://issuu.com/drchrisallen/docs/arches_vol_4_edition_7

Allen, C. (2010). Islamophobia. Surrey: Ashgate Publishing.

APPG. (2017). Islamophobia Defined: Inquiry into a working definition of Islamophobia. London: All Party Parliamentary Group on British Muslims.

Aslan, A. (2019). The Politics of Islamophobia in Turkey. Dalam E. Bayraklı, & F. Hafez (Penyunt.), Islamophobia in Muslim Majority Societies (hal. 71-92). Oxfordshire: Routledge.

Bakali, N. (2016). Islamophobia: Understanding Anti-Muslim Racism through the Lived Experiences of Muslim Youth. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.

Bayraklı, E., Hafez, F., & Faytre, L. (2019). Making sense of Islamophobia in Muslim societies. Dalam E. Bayraklı, & F. Hafez (Penyunt.), Islamophobia in Muslim Majority Societies (hal. 5-20). Oxordshire: Routledge.

Bazian, H. (2019). 'Religion-building and foreign policy. Dalam Islamophobia in Muslim Majority Societies (hal. 21-44). Oxfordshire: Routledge.

Beydoun, K. A., & Choudhury, C. A. (2020). Introduction. Dalam K. A. Beydoun, & C. A. Choudhury (Penyunt.), Islamophobia and the Law (hal. 1-18). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108380768

Bleich, E. (2011). What Is Islamophobia and How Much Is There? Theorizing and Measuring an Emerging Comparative Concept. American Behavioral Scientist, 55(12), 1581–1600. doi:10.1177/0002764211409387

Bunzl, M. (2007). Anti-Semitism and Islamophobia: Hatreds Old and New in Europe,. American Ethnologist, 32(4), 499-508. doi:https://www.jstor.org/stable/3805338

Carr, J. (2016). Experiences of Islamophobia Living with racism in the neoliberal era . Oxfordshire: Routledge.

Cesari, J. (2011). Islamophobia in the West: A comparison between Europe and the United States. Dalam J. L. Esposito, & I. Kalin, Islamophobia: The challenge of Pluralism in the 21st (hal. 21-43). New York: Oxford University Press.

Cheng, J. E. (2015). Islamophobia, Muslimophobia or racism? Parliamentary discourses on Islam and Muslims in debates on the minaret ban in Switzerland . Discourse & Society, 1–25. doi:10.1177/0957926515581157

Choudhury, T., Aziz, M., Izzidien, D., Khreeji, I., & Hussain, D. (2006). Perceptions of discrimination and Islamophobia - Voices from members of Muslim communities in the European Union. European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia.

CNN Indonesia. (2021, Maret 28). Daftar Kasus Ledakan Bom di Indonesia 2 Dekade Terakhir. Dipetik Oktober 3, 2021, dari CNN Indonesia: https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20210328150157-20-623072/daftar-kasus-ledakan-bom-di-indonesia-2-dekade-terakhir

Cole, M. (2009). A Plethora of ‘Suitable Enemies’: British Racism at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 32(9), 1671–85. doi:10.1080/01419870903205556

Cusdiawan. (2020, Agustus 25). Orde Baru dan Kemunculan Kelompok Islam. Dipetik Oktober 3, 2021, dari Pinter Politik: https://www.pinterpolitik.com/ruang-publik/orde-baru-dan-kemunculan-kelompok-islam

Dunn, K. M., Klocker, N., & Salabay, T. (2007). Contemporary racism and Islamaphobia in Australia. Ethnicities, 564-589. doi:10.1177/1468796807084017

Esposito, J. L. (2019). Islamophobia and Radicalization: Roots, Impact, and Implications. Dalam J. L. Esposito, & D. Iner (Penyunt.), Islamophobia and Radicalization Breeding Intolerance and Violence (hal. 15-34). Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-95237-6

EUMC. (2006). Muslims in the European Union: Discrimination and Islamophobia. European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia.

Fakete, L. (2009). A Suitable Enemy Racism, Migration and Islamophobia in Europe. New York: Pluto Press.

Gottschalk, P., & Greenberg, G. (2008). Islamophobia: Making Muslims the enemy. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.

Halliday, F. (1999). Islamophobia’ reconsidered. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 22(5), 892–902. doi:10.1080/014198799329305

Hakim, S. (2020, Desember 24). Mahfud tegaskan tak ada Islamofobia di Indonesia. (C. H. Noor, Editor) Dipetik Oktober 3, 2021, dari Antaranews: https://www.antaranews.com/berita/1913068/mahfud-tegaskan-tak-ada-islamofobia-di-Indonesia

Heriyanto, D. (2019, November 20). The rise of 'kadrun' and 'Togog': Why political polarization in Indonesia is far from over. Dipetik Oktober 3, 2021, dari The Jakarta Post: https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/11/19/the-rise-of-kadrun-and-togog-why-political-polarization-in-indonesia-is-far-from-over.html

Hillal, M. (2021). Innocent Until Proven Muslim: Islamophobia, the War on Terror, and the Muslim Experience since 9/11. Minneapolis: Broadleaf Books.

Humas Kemenko Polhukam RI. (2020, Januari 3). Menko Polhukam: Tidak ada Islamofobia di Indonesia. Diambil kembali dari Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Politik, hukum, dan Keamanan : https://polkam.go.id/menko-polhukam-tidak-ada-islamofobia-indonesia/

Jackson, L. B. (2018). Islamophobia in Britain The Making of a Muslim Enemy. Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-58350-1

Jo, H. (2018, Februari 28). Jilbab Terlarang di Era Orde Baru. Dipetik Oktober 3, 2021, dari Historia: https://historia.id/kultur/articles/jilbab-terlarang-di-era-orde-baru-6k4Xn/page/4

Kalin, I. (2011). Islamophobia and the Limits of Multiculturalism. Dalam Islamophobia and the Challenges of Pluralism in the 21st Century (hal. 3-20). New York: Oxford University Press.

Klug, B. (2015). Implicit Islamophobia? Dalam S.-A. Mirhosseini, & H. Rouzbeh (Penyunt.), Instances of Islamophobia Demonizing the Muslim “Other”. New York: Lexington Books.

Kosba, M. (2019). Paradoxical Islamophobia and post-colonial cultural nationalism in post-revolutionary Egypt. Dalam E. Bayraklı, & F. Hafez (Penyunt.), Islamophobia in Muslim Majority Societies (hal. 107-121). Oxfordshire: Routledge.

Kumar, D. (2012). Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire. Chicago: Haymarket Books.

Kundnani, A. (2017). Islamophobia as Ideology of US Empire. Dalam N. Massoumi, T. Mills, & D. Miller (Penyunt.), What is Islamophobia? Racism, Social Movements and the State (hal. 35-48). London: Pluto Press.

Lean, N. (2017). The Islamophobia Industry How the Right Manufactures Hatred of Muslims (Kedua ed.). London: Pluto Press.

Lee, S. A., Gibbons, J. A., Thompson, J. M., & Timani, H. S. (2009). The Islamophobia Scale: Instrument development and initial validation. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 19(2), 92-105. doi:10.1080/10508610802711137

Liddle, R. W. (1996). The Islamic Turn in Indonesia: A Political Explanation. The Journal of Asian Studies, 55(3), 613- 634. Dipetik Oktober 3, 2021, dari https://www.jstor.org/stable/2646448

López, F. B. (2010). Towards a definition of Islamophobia: approximations of the early twentieth century. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 34(4), 556-573. doi:10.1080/01419870.2010.528440

Love, E. (2017). Islamophobia and Racism in America. New York: New York University Press.

MacMaster, N. (2003). Islamophobia in France and the ‘Algerian Problem. Dalam E. Qureshi, & M. A. Sells (Penyunt.), The New Crusades: Constructing the Muslim Enemy (hal. 288–313). New York: Columbia University Press.

Matanasi, P. (2017, Maret 10). Soeharto & Tragedi Umat Islam: Cara Orde Baru Membungkam Para Ulama. Dipetik Oktober 3, 2021, dari Tirto.id: https://tirto.id/cara-orde-baru-membungkam-para-ulama-ckrP

Meer, N., & Modood, T. (2009). Refutations of racism in the ‘Muslim question’. Patterns of Prejudice, 43(3-4), 335-354. doi:10.1080/00313220903109250

Menchik, J. (2016). Islam and democracy in Indonesia: tolerance without liberalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Mohideen, H., & Mohideen, S. (2008). The Language of Islamophobia in Internet Articles. Intellectual Discourse, 16(1), 73-87.

Movanita, A. N. (2017, Juli 19). HTI Resmi Dibubarkan Pemerintah. Dipetik Oktober 3, 2021, dari Kompas.com: https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2017/07/19/10180761/hti-resmi-dibubarkan-pemerintah?page=all

Muftaza, I. Z. (2020). Peran GP Ansor Dalam Penumpasan Pki Di Kecamatan Plemahan Kabupaten Kediri Tahun 1965. Surabaya: Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel. Dipetik Oktober 3, 2021, dari http://digilib.uinsby.ac.id/42601/2/Isna%20Zakiya%20Nurul%20Muftaza_A92216127.pdf

MUI. (2018, September 13). Definisi Islam Wasathiyah. Dipetik Oktober 4, 2021, dari MUI Digital: https://mui.or.id/produk/infografis/23935/definisi-islam-wasathiyah/

Narzanin Massoumi, Mills, T., & Miller, D. (2017). London Islamophobia, Social Movements and the State: For a Movement-centred Approach. Dalam What is Islamophobia? Racism, Social Movements and the State (hal. 3-34). London: Pluto Press.

Nashear, D. (2021, Juni 22). Gaduh Islamofobia Jelang Penayangan Film Nussa, Fadli Zon: Itu Sejenis Penyakit Hati dan Otak. Dipetik Oktober 3, 2021, dari Pikiran Rakyat.com: https://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/nasional/pr-012097774/gaduh-islamofobia-jelang-penayangan-film-nussa-fadli-zon-itu-sejenis-penyakit-hati-dan-otak

Nashrullah, N. (2020, Oktober 28). Bukti Islamofobia Juga Terjadi di Indonesia, Sikap Umat? Dipetik Oktober 3, 2021, dari Republika.co.id: https://www.republika.co.id/berita/qivsyf320/bukti-islamofobia-juga-terjadi-di-indonesia-sikap-umat

Nieuwkerk, K. v. (2004). Veils and wooden clogs don't go together. Ethnos: Journal of Anthropology, 69(2), 229-246. doi:10.1080/0014184042000212876

Osman, M. N. (2019). The confluence of race and religion in understanding Islamophobia in Malaysia. Dalam E. Bayraklı, & F. Hafez (Penyunt.), Islamophobia in Muslim Majority Societies (hal. 161-176). Oxordshire: Routledge.

Osman, M. N. (2019). Understanding Islamophobia in Southeast Asia. Dalam I. Zempi, & I. Awan (Penyunt.), The Routledge International Handbook of Islamophobia (hal. 286-297). Oxfordshire: Routledge.

Poynting, S., & Mason, V. (2007). The resistible rise of Islamophobia. Journal of Sociology, 43(1), 61–86. doi:10.1177/1440783307073935

Pratt, D., & Woodlock, R. (2016). Introduction: Understanding Islamophobia. Dalam D. Pratt, & R. Woodlock (Penyunt.), Fear of Muslims? International Perspectives on Islamophobia (hal. 1-18). Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.

Runnymede Trust. (1997). Islamophobia: A Challenge for Us . Diambil kembali dari Runnymede Trust: https://www.runnymedetrust.org/uploads/publications/pdfs/islamophobia.pdf

Stolz, J. (2005). Explaining Islamophobia: A test of four theories based on the case of a Swiss city. Swiss Journal of Sociology, 31(3), 547-566.

Tim BUKU TEMPO. (2014). Seri Tempo: Lekra dan Geger 1965. Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. Dipetik Oktober 3, 2021, dari https://books.google.co.id/books?id=7jFIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA84&lpg=PA84&dq=dialog+gusti+allah+mantu&source=bl&ots=o8YzaD7lUl&sig=ACfU3U2SqjRdebtpaM5YVMaJV_pGY75MAw&hl=id&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=dialog%20gusti%20allah%20mantu&f=false

Umma. (t.thn.). Kumpulan Hadits Tentang Akhlak Lengkap Beserta Penjelasannya. Dipetik Oktober 4, 2021, dari Umma: https://umma.id/article/share/id/1002/272212

Werbner, P. (2005). Islamophobia: Incitement to Religious Hatred – Legislating for a New Fear? Anthropology Today, 5–9. Dipetik September 30, 2021, dari https://www.jstor.org/stable/3695034

Yilmaz, I. (2016). The Nature of Islamophobia: Some Key Features. Dalam D. Pratt, & R. Woodlock (Penyunt.), Fear of Muslims? International Perspectives on Islamophobia (hal. 19-29). Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29698-2

Yin, R. K. (2000). Case study research: Design and methods. In SAGE Publication. (Vol. 5, Issue 3, pp. 101–106).

Zahed, S. E. (2019). Internalized Islamophobia: The Making of Islam in the Egyptian Media. Dalam E. Bayraklı, & F. Hafez (Penyunt.), Islamophobia in Muslim Majority Societies (hal. 137-160). Oxordshire: Routledge.

Zempi, I., & Awan, I. (2016). Islamophobia: Lived Experience of Online and Offline Victimisation. Bristol: Policy Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1t88zw7




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.30829/jai.v14i2.23897

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Rasyid Ridho, Siti Zainurrahmi Bangun

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

 

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Based on a work at http://jurnal.uinsu.ac.id/index.php/analytica/ 
 
Publisher:
Program Pascasarjana
Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara